linux對(duì)不同的磁盤設(shè)備的設(shè)備文件命名如下：

IDE： /dev/hd[a-z]
對(duì)IDE分區(qū)的命名為/dev/hda1 /dev/hda2 …..
SCSI, SATA, SAS, USB： /dev/sd[a-z]
對(duì)分區(qū)的命令為/dev/sda1 /dev/sda2 …….
主分區(qū)最多可有4個(gè)。若分區(qū)大于4個(gè)，可使用3個(gè)主分區(qū)加一個(gè)擴(kuò)展分區(qū)的方式，再通過在擴(kuò)展分區(qū)上劃分多個(gè)邏輯分區(qū)。
常見的文件格式有ext2、ext3、ext4、vfat(兼容windows的fat32)、xfs、btrfs、jfs等。

查看linux的磁盤分區(qū)可使用fdis（分區(qū)管理命令）

fdisk /dev/sda (非IDE硬盤)
m：獲取幫助
p：顯示分區(qū)信息
q：不保存退出
n：新建分區(qū)
d：刪除分區(qū)
q：保存退出
l：顯示分區(qū)類型的ID
t：改變分區(qū)類型的ID

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 16.1 GB, 16106127360 bytes, 31457280 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000a72d4
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 1026048 20971519 9972736 8e Linux LVM

說明：

1、Disk /dev/sda: 16.1 GB 硬盤的大小是16GB，16106127360 個(gè)字節(jié)，31457280個(gè)扇區(qū)。
2、下半部信息說明
Device 是分區(qū)名稱
Boot 是否是啟動(dòng)分區(qū)
Start 起始的扇區(qū)
End 結(jié)束的扇區(qū) \\ /dev/sda2結(jié)束的扇區(qū)是20971519，而硬盤總共有31457280，說明還有硬盤空間沒有被用于創(chuàng)建分區(qū)。
Blocks以1KB為單位，顯示分區(qū)的空間；
ld 為分區(qū)類型的ID號(hào)
System 為分區(qū)類型

創(chuàng)建分區(qū)：（下圖中指定起始扇區(qū)與/dev/sda2的結(jié)束扇區(qū)能對(duì)接上）

創(chuàng)建邏輯分區(qū)

Command (m for help): n

Partition type:

p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)

e extended

Select (default e): e \\指定新建擴(kuò)展分區(qū)

Selected partition 4

First sector (23068672-31457279, default 23068672):

Using default value 23068672

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (23068672-31457279, default 31457279): +1G \\指定擴(kuò)展分區(qū)的大小

Partition 4 of type Extended and of size 1 GiB is set

Command (m for help): n

All primary partitions are in use

Adding logical partition 5 \\ ID號(hào)1-4已經(jīng)用完，系統(tǒng)直接使用邏輯分區(qū)ID的范圍5-15

First sector (23070720-25165823, default 23070720):

Using default value 23070720

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (23070720-25165823, default 25165823): 24000000\\這里的結(jié)束扇區(qū)25165823-23070720=2095103*512/1024/1024=1022.99MB，即1GB，與指定的擴(kuò)展分區(qū)大小相同

Partition 5 of type Linux and of size 453.8 MiB is set\\新建邏輯分區(qū)的大小是453.8MB

Command (m for help): n

All primary partitions are in use

Adding logical partition 6

First sector (24002049-25165823, default 24002560):

Using default value 24002560

Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (24002560-25165823, default 25165823): \\這里的結(jié)束扇區(qū)ID與上述的相同

Using default value 25165823

Partition 6 of type Linux and of size 568 MiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sda: 16.1 GB, 16106127360 bytes, 31457280 sectors

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Disk label type: dos

Disk identifier: 0x000a72d4

Device BootStart EndBlocks Id System

/dev/sda1 * 20481026047512000 83 Linux

/dev/sda2 1026048 209715199972736 8e Linux LVM

/dev/sda3 20971520 230686711048576 83 Linux

/dev/sda4 23068672 251658231048576 5 Extended

/dev/sda5 23070720 24000000464640+ 83 Linux

/dev/sda6 24002560 25165823581632 83 Linux \\新建的邏輯分區(qū)

Command (m for help): w\\保存退出

檢查linux是否已經(jīng)識(shí)別出新的分區(qū)查看/rroc/paritions文件

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions

major minor #blocks name

8 0 15728640 sda

8 1512000 sda1

8 2 9972736 sda2 \\新創(chuàng)建的/dev/sda3-6沒有還沒有識(shí)別出來

11 0 4228096 sr0

253 0 8880128 dm-0

253 1 1048576 dm-1

強(qiáng)制讓內(nèi)核更新分區(qū)

[root@localhost ~]# partx -u /dev/sda

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions

major minor #blocks name

8 0 15728640 sda

8 1512000 sda1

8 2 9972736 sda2

8 3 1048576 sda3

8 4 1 sda4

8 5464640 sda5

8 6581632 sda6\\已識(shí)別出新分區(qū)

11 0 4228096 sr0

253 0 8880128 dm-0

253 1 1048576 dm-1

[root@localhost ~]#

格式化新建的分區(qū)mkfs命令

把sda6、sda5格式為ext4

[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 -L test /dev/sda6

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Filesystem label=test

OS type: Linux

Block size=4096 (log=2)

Fragment size=4096 (log=2)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

36400 inodes, 145408 blocks

7270 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=148897792

5 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

7280 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304

Allocating group tables: done

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (4096 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

也可用 ext系列專用的格式化工具mke2fs

[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -t ext3 -m 5 -L TEST_sda5 -b 4096 /dev/sda5

mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Filesystem label=TEST_sda5\\標(biāo)識(shí)符為TEST_sda5

OS type: Linux

Block size=4096 (log=2)\\block為4096

Fragment size=4096 (log=2)

Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks

116224 inodes, 116160 blocks

5808 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user\\為管理員預(yù)留5%的空間

First data block=0

Maximum filesystem blocks=121634816

4 block groups

32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group

29056 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

32768, 98304

Allocating group tables: done

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (4096 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

查看所有分區(qū)的屬性使用blkid

[root@localhost ~]# blkid

/dev/sda1: UUID="050a347a-4a99-4e80-a6b4-a4ed0a47eaa1" TYPE="xfs"

/dev/sda2: UUID="dv2Krn-BlSL-4NBt-yduR-BXax-tChJ-V2YpbM" TYPE="LVM2_member"

/dev/sda5: LABEL="TEST_sda5" UUID="b5b2b12b-236d-4578-845b-a5632ca5eafa" SEC_TYPE="ext2" TYPE="ext3"

/dev/sda6: LABEL="test" UUID="a0a549a2-0aec-4ff6-bce8-f2dfdfa1539e" TYPE="ext4"

/dev/sr0: UUID="2015-12-09-23-14-10-00" LABEL="CentOS 7 x86_64" TYPE="iso9660" PTTYPE="dos"

/dev/mapper/centos-root: UUID="0adba78a-e1e3-4900-87c2-069105c6a1fc" TYPE="xfs"

/dev/mapper/centos-swap: UUID="2228d7dd-b7ed-44fb-9f68-668fc942a542" TYPE="swap"

使用fsck命令檢測(cè)分區(qū)

[root@localhost ~]# fsck.ext3 -frc /dev/sda5 \\ f是強(qiáng)制檢測(cè) c是提示測(cè)試進(jìn)度 r進(jìn)行交互式檢測(cè)

e2fsck 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)

Checking for bad blocks (read-only test): done

TEST_sda5: Updating bad block inode.

Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes

Pass 2: Checking directory structure

Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity

Pass 4: Checking reference counts

Pass 5: Checking group summary information

TEST_sda5: ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED *****

TEST_sda5: 11/116224 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 7837/116160 blocks

[root@localhost ~]#

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