postgresql影子用戶實踐場景分析
在實際的生產(chǎn)環(huán)境 ，我們經(jīng)常會碰到這樣的情況：因為業(yè)務(wù)場景需要，本部門某些重要的業(yè)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)表需要給予其他部門查看權(quán)限，因業(yè)務(wù)的擴展及調(diào)整，后期可能需要放開更多的表查詢權(quán)限。為解決此種業(yè)務(wù)需求，我們可以采用創(chuàng)建視圖的方式來解決，已可以通過創(chuàng)建影子用戶的方式來滿足需求，本文主要介紹影子用戶的創(chuàng)建及授權(quán)方法。
場景1：只授予usage on schema 權(quán)限
session 1:
--創(chuàng)建readonly用戶，并將test模式賦予readonly用戶。
postgres=# create user readonly with password 'postgres'; CREATE ROLE postgres=# grant usage on schema test to readonly; GRANT postgres=# \dn List of schemas Name | Owner -------+------- test | postgres
session 2:
--登陸readonly用戶可以查詢test模式下現(xiàn)存的所有表。
postgres=# \c postgres readonly You are now connected to database "postgres" as user "readonly". postgres=> select * from test.emp ; empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno -------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+-------- 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | | 20 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | | 30 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | | 10 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | | 10 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | | 30 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | | 20 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | | 10 7788 | test | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 | 3000.00 | | 20 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 | 1100.00 | | 20 1111 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | | 20 (14 rows)
換到session 1創(chuàng)建新表t1
postgres=# create table test.t1 as select * from test.emp; CREATE TABLE
切換到session 2 readonly用戶下，t1表無法查詢
postgres=> select * from test.t1 ; 2021-03-02 15:25:33.290 CST [21059] ERROR: permission denied for table t1 2021-03-02 15:25:33.290 CST [21059] STATEMENT: select * from test.t1 ; **ERROR: permission denied for table t1
結(jié)論：如果只授予 usage on schema 權(quán)限，readonly 只能查看 test 模式下已經(jīng)存在的表和對象。在授予 usage on schema 權(quán)限之后創(chuàng)建的新表無法查看。
場景2：授予usage on schema 權(quán)限之后，再賦予 select on all tables in schema 權(quán)限
針對上個場景session 2 **ERROR: permission denied for table t1 錯誤的處理
postgres=> select * from test.t1 ; **ERROR: permission denied for table t1
session 1： 使用postgres用戶授予readonly用戶 select on all tables 權(quán)限
postgres=# grant select on all tables in schema test TO readonly ;
session 2: readonly用戶查詢 t1 表
postgres=> select * from test.t1; empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno -------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+-------- 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | | 20 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | | 30 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | | 10 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | | 10 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | | 30 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | | 20 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | | 10 7788 | test | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 | 3000.00 | | 20 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 | 1100.00 | | 20 1111 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | | 20 (14 rows)
session1 ：postgres用戶的test模式下創(chuàng)建新表 t2
postgres=# create table test.t2 as select * from test.emp; SELECT 14
session 2：readonly用戶查詢 t2 表權(quán)限不足
postgres=> select * from test.t2 ; ERROR: permission denied for table t2
session 1：再次賦予 grant select on all tables
postgres=# grant select on all tables in schema test TO readonly ;
session 2：readonly用戶又可以查看 T2 表
postgres=> select * from test.t2 ; empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno -------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+-------- 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | | 20 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | | 30 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | | 10 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | | 10 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | | 30 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | | 20 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | | 10 7788 | test | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 | 3000.00 | | 20 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 | 1100.00 | | 20 1111 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | | 20 (14 rows)
影子用戶創(chuàng)建
如果想讓readonly只讀用戶不在每次 postgres用戶在test模式中創(chuàng)建新表后都要手工賦予 grant select on all tables in schema test TO readonly 權(quán)限。則需要授予對test默認的訪問權(quán)限，對于test模式新創(chuàng)建的也生效。
session 1：未來訪問test模式下所有新建的表賦權(quán)，創(chuàng)建 t5 表。
postgres=# alter default privileges in schema test grant select on tables to readonly ; ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES postgres=# create table test.t5 as select * from test.emp; CREATE TABLE
session 2：查詢readonly用戶
postgres=> select * from test.t5; empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno -------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+-------- 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | | 20 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | | 30 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | | 10 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | | 10 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | | 30 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | | 20 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | | 10 7788 | test | ANALYST | 7566 | 1982-12-09 | 3000.00 | | 20 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1983-01-12 | 1100.00 | | 20 1111 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | | 20 (14 rows)
總結(jié)：影子用戶創(chuàng)建的步驟
--創(chuàng)建影子用戶 create user readonly with password 'postgres'; --將schema中usage權(quán)限賦予給readonly用戶,訪問所有已存在的表 grant usage on schema test to readonly; grant select on all tables in schema test to readonly; --未來訪問test模式下所有新建的表 alter default privileges in schema test grant select on tables to readonly ;
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