在PostgreSQL中使用ltree處理層次結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)的方法
在本文中,我們將學(xué)習(xí)如何使用PostgreSQL的ltree模塊,該模塊允許以分層的樹狀結(jié)構(gòu)存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。
什么是ltree?
Ltree是PostgreSQL模塊。它實(shí)現(xiàn)了一種數(shù)據(jù)類型ltree,用于表示存儲(chǔ)在分層樹狀結(jié)構(gòu)中的數(shù)據(jù)的標(biāo)簽。提供了用于搜索標(biāo)簽樹的廣泛工具。
為什么選擇ltree?
- ltree實(shí)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)物化路徑,對(duì)于INSERT / UPDATE / DELETE來(lái)說(shuō)非常快,而對(duì)于SELECT操作則較快
- 通常,它比使用經(jīng)常需要重新計(jì)算分支的遞歸CTE或遞歸函數(shù)要快
- 如內(nèi)置的查詢語(yǔ)法和專門用于查詢和導(dǎo)航樹的運(yùn)算符
- 索引!?。?/li>
初始數(shù)據(jù)
首先,您應(yīng)該在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中啟用擴(kuò)展。您可以通過(guò)以下命令執(zhí)行此操作:
CREATE EXTENSION ltree;
讓我們創(chuàng)建表并向其中添加一些數(shù)據(jù):
CREATE TABLE comments (user_id integer, description text, path ltree); INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 1, md5(random()::text), '0001'); INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 2, md5(random()::text), '0001.0001.0001'); INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 2, md5(random()::text), '0001.0001.0001.0001'); INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 1, md5(random()::text), '0001.0001.0001.0002'); INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 5, md5(random()::text), '0001.0001.0001.0003'); INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 6, md5(random()::text), '0001.0002'); INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 6, md5(random()::text), '0001.0002.0001'); INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 6, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003'); INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 8, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0001'); INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 9, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0002'); INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 11, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0002.0001'); INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 2, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0002.0002'); INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 5, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0002.0003'); INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 7, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0002.0002.0001'); INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 20, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0002.0002.0002'); INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 31, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0002.0002.0003'); INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 22, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0002.0002.0004'); INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 34, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0002.0002.0005'); INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 22, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0002.0002.0006');
另外,我們應(yīng)該添加一些索引:
CREATE INDEX path_gist_comments_idx ON comments USING GIST(path); CREATE INDEX path_comments_idx ON comments USING btree(path);
正如您看到的那樣,我建立comments表時(shí)帶有path字段,該字段包含該表的tree全部路徑。如您所見(jiàn),對(duì)于樹分隔符,我使用4個(gè)數(shù)字和點(diǎn)。
讓我們?cè)赾ommenets表中找到path以‘0001.0003'的記錄:
$ SELECT user_id, path FROM comments WHERE path <@ '0001.0003'; user_id | path ---------+-------------------------- 6 | 0001.0003 8 | 0001.0003.0001 9 | 0001.0003.0002 11 | 0001.0003.0002.0001 2 | 0001.0003.0002.0002 5 | 0001.0003.0002.0003 7 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0001 20 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0002 31 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0003 22 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0004 34 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0005 22 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0006 (12 rows)
讓我們通過(guò)EXPLAIN命令檢查這個(gè)SQL:
$ EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT user_id, path FROM comments WHERE path <@ '0001.0003'; QUERY PLAN ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Seq Scan on comments (cost=0.00..1.24 rows=2 width=38) (actual time=0.013..0.017 rows=12 loops=1) Filter: (path <@ '0001.0003'::ltree) Rows Removed by Filter: 7 Total runtime: 0.038 ms (4 rows)
讓我們禁用seq scan進(jìn)行測(cè)試:
$ SET enable_seqscan=false; SET $ EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT user_id, path FROM comments WHERE path <@ '0001.0003'; QUERY PLAN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Index Scan using path_gist_comments_idx on comments (cost=0.00..8.29 rows=2 width=38) (actual time=0.023..0.034 rows=12 loops=1) Index Cond: (path <@ '0001.0003'::ltree) Total runtime: 0.076 ms (3 rows)
現(xiàn)在SQL慢了,但是能看到SQL是怎么使用index的。
第一個(gè)SQL語(yǔ)句使用了sequence scan,因?yàn)樵诒碇袥](méi)有太多的數(shù)據(jù)。
我們可以將select “path <@ ‘0001.0003'” 換種實(shí)現(xiàn)方法:
$ SELECT user_id, path FROM comments WHERE path ~ '0001.0003.*'; user_id | path ---------+-------------------------- 6 | 0001.0003 8 | 0001.0003.0001 9 | 0001.0003.0002 11 | 0001.0003.0002.0001 2 | 0001.0003.0002.0002 5 | 0001.0003.0002.0003 7 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0001 20 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0002 31 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0003 22 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0004 34 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0005 22 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0006 (12 rows)
你不應(yīng)該忘記數(shù)據(jù)的順序,如下的例子:
$ INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 9, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0001.0001'); $ INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 9, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0001.0002'); $ INSERT INTO comments (user_id, description, path) VALUES ( 9, md5(random()::text), '0001.0003.0001.0003'); $ SELECT user_id, path FROM comments WHERE path ~ '0001.0003.*'; user_id | path ---------+-------------------------- 6 | 0001.0003 8 | 0001.0003.0001 9 | 0001.0003.0002 11 | 0001.0003.0002.0001 2 | 0001.0003.0002.0002 5 | 0001.0003.0002.0003 7 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0001 20 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0002 31 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0003 22 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0004 34 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0005 22 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0006 9 | 0001.0003.0001.0001 9 | 0001.0003.0001.0002 9 | 0001.0003.0001.0003 (15 rows)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行排序:
$ SELECT user_id, path FROM comments WHERE path ~ '0001.0003.*' ORDER by path; user_id | path ---------+-------------------------- 6 | 0001.0003 8 | 0001.0003.0001 9 | 0001.0003.0001.0001 9 | 0001.0003.0001.0002 9 | 0001.0003.0001.0003 9 | 0001.0003.0002 11 | 0001.0003.0002.0001 2 | 0001.0003.0002.0002 7 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0001 20 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0002 31 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0003 22 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0004 34 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0005 22 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0006 5 | 0001.0003.0002.0003 (15 rows)
可以在lquery的非星號(hào)標(biāo)簽的末尾添加幾個(gè)修飾符,以使其比完全匹配更匹配:
“ @”-不區(qū)分大小寫匹配,例如a @匹配A
“ *”-匹配任何帶有該前綴的標(biāo)簽,例如foo *匹配foobar
“%”-匹配以下劃線開頭的單詞
$ SELECT user_id, path FROM comments WHERE path ~ '0001.*{1,2}.0001|0002.*' ORDER by path; user_id | path ---------+-------------------------- 2 | 0001.0001.0001 2 | 0001.0001.0001.0001 1 | 0001.0001.0001.0002 5 | 0001.0001.0001.0003 6 | 0001.0002.0001 8 | 0001.0003.0001 9 | 0001.0003.0001.0001 9 | 0001.0003.0001.0002 9 | 0001.0003.0001.0003 9 | 0001.0003.0002 11 | 0001.0003.0002.0001 2 | 0001.0003.0002.0002 7 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0001 20 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0002 31 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0003 22 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0004 34 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0005 22 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0006 5 | 0001.0003.0002.0003 (19 rows)
我們來(lái)為parent ‘0001.0003'找到所有直接的childrens,見(jiàn)下:
$ SELECT user_id, path FROM comments WHERE path ~ '0001.0003.*{1}' ORDER by path; user_id | path ---------+---------------- 8 | 0001.0003.0001 9 | 0001.0003.0002 (2 rows)
為parent ‘0001.0003'找到所有的childrens,見(jiàn)下:
$ SELECT user_id, path FROM comments WHERE path ~ '0001.0003.*' ORDER by path; user_id | path ---------+-------------------------- 6 | 0001.0003 8 | 0001.0003.0001 9 | 0001.0003.0001.0001 9 | 0001.0003.0001.0002 9 | 0001.0003.0001.0003 9 | 0001.0003.0002 11 | 0001.0003.0002.0001 2 | 0001.0003.0002.0002 7 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0001 20 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0002 31 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0003 22 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0004 34 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0005 22 | 0001.0003.0002.0002.0006 5 | 0001.0003.0002.0003 (15 rows)
為children ‘0001.0003.0002.0002.0005'找到parent:
$ SELECT user_id, path FROM comments WHERE path = subpath('0001.0003.0002.0002.0005', 0, -1) ORDER by path; user_id | path ---------+--------------------- 2 | 0001.0003.0002.0002 (1 row)
如果你的路徑不是唯一的,你會(huì)得到多條記錄。
概述
可以看出,使用ltree的物化路徑非常簡(jiǎn)單。在本文中,我沒(méi)有列出ltree的所有可能用法。它不被視為全文搜索問(wèn)題ltxtquery。但是您可以在PostgreSQL官方文檔(http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/ltree.html)中找到它。
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